王永江1 王 清2
1.鄂尔多斯市中心医院脊柱外科,内蒙古东胜 017000; 2.泸州医学院附属医院脊柱外科,四川泸州 646000
[摘要] 椎体强化技术是近十几年来出现的一种治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折、椎体血管瘤、转移瘤、骨髓瘤等疾病的微创技术,其创伤小、止痛效果显著而得到广泛开展,但其并发症也日趋显现,严重的可以致残或致死。该文阐述常见与不常见的并发症,旨在提高对其严重性的认识,从而进行规范合理的操作,尽可能减少并发症的发生。
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关键词 椎体强化技术;并发症;骨水泥渗漏
[中图分类号] R4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2014)09(a)-0195-04
[作者简介] 王永江(1973.1-),男,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,硕士,副主任医生,研究方向:脊柱外科、脊柱微创。
椎体强化技术是在影像设备的引导下,利用特殊器械向椎体内注入骨水泥的一种微创技术,主要分为经皮椎体成形术(Percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)、经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)和Skyphoplasty术。其创伤小、止痛效果显著、能重建椎体强度及刚度以及在恢复椎体高度、矫正脊柱后凸畸形等诸多优点。骨水泥强化技术操作相对简单,疗效确切,从2002年以后,在治疗疼痛性骨质疏松压缩骨折、椎体转移瘤、骨髓瘤、血管瘤等疾病已经被广泛应用[1]。随着此项技术的大量推广,其并发症逐渐显露,尤其是骨水泥渗漏引发的并发症,有较高的致残致死率,不容忽视,而临近节段的骨折,一些学者又怀疑其存在的可行性。作者就椎体强化手术引发的常见与不常见的并发症做一综述。
1 骨水泥渗漏引发的并发症
椎体强化出现骨水泥渗漏很常见,各家报道差异很大[2-3],椎体恶性肿瘤较骨质疏松压缩骨折渗漏率明显增高[4-5],椎体强化术式不同而有差异很大[6]。而且,CT扫描的检出率较X光片明显增多[6]。而由骨水泥渗漏引发的并发症比较少见,文献报道1.6~3.8%[7],但有些并发症是致命性的。目前对于椎体强化引起的骨水泥渗漏没有统一的分类标准,按照渗漏的路径,Yeom等[8]将其分成三型:椎体基底静脉型(Basivertebral vein ,B-type),指骨水泥进入在椎体静脉后,再到椎管内硬膜外前静脉丛,可以出现椎管狭窄症状;节段静脉型(Segmental vein, S-type),指骨水泥进入在椎体后,再到节段静脉,如果骨水泥栓子不移动,一般无症状,如果栓子移位,通过腰静脉,到下腔静脉,可引起相应部位或器官血管栓塞症状;骨皮质外型(cortical defect,C-type)可以通过破裂的骨皮质,渗漏到椎体周围任何部位。
1.1 肺动脉及心脏栓塞
一般为S型渗漏。骨水泥椎体内静脉,流动到到椎管外静脉,即椎旁静脉所致后,可以出现各种结果。部分骨水泥栓子通过下腔静脉、右心房、右心室而进入肺动脉。骨水泥栓也可停留在下腔静脉或右心室。进入肺循环后,可以出现无症状的肺动脉栓塞和有症状的肺动脉栓塞。有作者报道,无症状肺动脉栓塞发生率达4.6%[9-10],Yoo and cowork-ers[11]报告了一例肺动脉栓塞出现呼吸功能衰竭后死亡。Jang等[12]报道27例脊柱转移瘤瘤的患者施行经皮椎体成形术,有3例发生肺栓塞,1例没有任何症状,另外2例出现轻微的呼吸困难与胸部不适,无死亡。Tod Mattis等[13]报告了1例71岁的男性患者,腰2椎体骨折,行pvp术后,逐渐出现进行性加重的胸部及上腹部的疼痛、出汗和晕厥4 d,影像资料显示为:L2椎体平面椎旁静脉骨水泥显影,右心房室内及壁内可见条状骨水泥,心包内少量积液。在介入治疗中心行股动脉穿刺,微创下取出骨水泥栓,症状消失,随访1年,病人未出现心脏方面的症状。Nicholas Habib等[14]报道了1例61岁的T8、T9骨质疏松压缩骨折行PKP术后4周,出现顽固性干咳的女性患者,诊断为弥漫性点状肺动脉栓塞,经6个月的华法林治疗,症状消失。
1.2 截瘫
一般为B型和C型渗漏。椎体强化后出现截瘫的原因主要是骨水泥渗漏到椎管前方的硬膜外前间隙(通过椎管内硬膜外静脉或破裂的椎体后缘)引起椎管狭窄,少见的有脊髓供血动脉(肋间后动脉或前中央动脉)栓塞。有学者报道[15-16],此型的发生率较高,超过20%。骨水泥渗漏至椎管内,如果椎管内有足够的储备空间,可以不出现症状。出现症状的原因主要是椎管狭窄引起的机械压迫、骨水泥的热烧伤和单体的毒性反应。虽然渗漏到椎管内的出现症状比较低,一旦出现是很严重的。王松等[17]报道了1例T8椎体骨折行PKP术后骨水泥渗漏到椎管内出现不全瘫,经后路椎板切除、骨水泥清除减压等治疗后,瘫痪无恢复。Cotton等[18]报告了15例出现中央管内骨水泥渗漏的患者,无症状,而有2例渗漏到椎间孔内出现神经根症状。Paul G等[19]报告了一例左膝部尤文肉瘤合并T8、L1椎体转移,行PVP后,病人出现双下肢不全瘫痪,影像资料显示:椎管内无骨水泥渗漏,但T8左侧肋间动脉内局限性影骨水泥栓塞和广泛的胸腰段前中央动脉骨水泥影,3个月后病人死亡,可能发生的原因是骨水泥进入椎体动脉,因为压力大,血液逆流所致。
1.3 神经根损伤引起根性疼痛
主要为C型渗漏。骨水泥沿着破裂的骨皮质渗漏到神经根管、椎间孔内或腰大肌内,神经根受到压迫、烧灼、刺激等引起相应神经根(肋间神经、股神经、坐骨神经等)支配区的疼痛。0.4%~4%的病人会出现根性疼痛及相应的影像学表现和体征[20],手术减压、糖皮质激素、神经根封闭、硬膜外阻滞等方法可以能减轻症状[21]。骨水泥渗漏到椎旁,很少引起临床症状,但有作者报道[25]报道过骨水泥进入椎旁,蔓延到腰大肌而出现大腿神经症状的病例。
1.4 骨水泥渗漏到椎间盘内
此型都为C型渗漏。骨水泥通过破裂的骨皮质及终板,进入椎间隙内。对于此型,缺乏大量临床资料证明会出现椎体间活动异常和疼痛等症状,以及是否会出现临近椎体的骨折。作者复习近几年的文献,学者观点不一,多数学者认为不会出现临近节段骨折的症状[22-25],也有学者认为骨水泥渗漏到椎间盘后,会导致相邻椎体的应力集中而骨折[26-27]非骨水泥渗漏引发的并发症。
2.1 其它椎体的继发骨折
椎体强化后,其它椎体发生骨折,严重的降低了它的疗效。出现新的椎体骨折后,一些作者怀疑手术的可行性。椎体强化后其它椎体再骨折发生率从2年的12%~4年的52%[28-29],Wen-Gui Liu等[30]通过回顾性研究发现,总发生率达到27.3%,并且再骨折的发生率与随访的时间成正相关,与骨折的部位、骨水泥分布有关,分布均匀的再骨折率低,再骨折发生在邻近节段较非临近节段多,而且与骨水泥填充的量、骨质疏松的程度、骨折治疗的节段、椎体高度恢复的程度、骨折的程度、后凸畸形的程度、患者的体重与年龄、术后患者的活动量、强化方式等均有关,文献报道PVP比PKP发生率高,两者术后发生率分别达到3%~29%和12%~52%[31-32]。Nouda[33]通过尸体的脊柱不同填充材料研究认为,填充材料的不同,再发骨折率不同。也有学者[34]研究发现保守治疗与椎体强化后出现相同的再骨折率相同,说明再骨折与椎体强化无关。
2.2 局部疼痛和体温升高
感染的几率比较小,但术中注意无菌操作及预防性的使用抗生素。温度一般不超过38.5 ℃,发生在术后2~3 d左右,考虑为吸收热骨水泥的毒性反应有关。
2.3 肋骨、椎弓根和横突的骨折
出现肋骨和附件骨折的并发症较少,主要发生于单侧椎弓根或经肋椎关节的穿刺,因为单侧穿刺为了达到椎体中央,外倾角度较大,因为杠杆原理,可以出现椎弓根内侧壁、肋骨及横突骨折[35]。
2.4 异位骨化
PMMA骨水泥在体内未发现有促进局部成骨的作用。但有文献报道磷酸钙骨水泥有骨诱导作用[36],Dong Hwa Heo 等[37]报道了2例骨质疏松压缩骨折,用磷酸钙骨水泥强化椎体后,骨水泥无渗漏,但椎体周围出现大量异位骨化影。
椎体强化技术治疗椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折等疾病已经在世界各地广泛开展,虽然出现并发症几率不是很大,但有些却是致命性的,而且大多与骨水泥的渗漏有关,所以适应症的选择及术前病情的整体评估是手术成功的前提,包括了解责任椎的破坏程度,是否存在终板损伤,有无椎管狭窄和神经症状,椎体后缘破损程度,是否过敏体质等;良好的影像设备是减少骨水泥渗漏的保障,骨水泥渗漏都发生在术中,骨水泥的流向都必须实时监测;规范严谨的手术操作是手术成功的关键,包括穿刺技术、骨水泥的粘稠度、注射的速度与量的把握、解剖结构的掌握程度等。
椎体强化技术简单而疗效确切,引发的并发症虽然不高,作者罗列了常见的与不常见的并发症,旨在术者重视,使手术疗效最大化,并发症最小化。
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(收稿日期:2014-06-03)